1
2
  -2023
/ 5 
  
(      )
   : 3 .  :75
:                     
     
 -
1. DBMS        DBMS       
   
2.                
         NULL         
 -
3.            ,     
      
4.       ? BCNF, INF, 2NF  4NF      
 
2
2
 -
5.        SQL        
      
6.        SQL         
 -
7.        ?     
  
8.      :-
()   
() 
()   
3
2
  -2023
/ 5 
  
(      )
   : 3 .  :75
:                     
     
 -
1. DBMS        DBMS       
   
:      (DBMS)
   (DBMS)            
   ,             
                  ,
              
 , DBMS              
        ,     

   :
1.  :     (      )
2.  :        
3.  /             DBMS
   
4
2
   :
,    :         
       
    :          
 ,          
   :            
   
  :            
    
   
1.  :   ,       -
            
              
       
2.  : DBMS  ( )       
       ,        
   
3.  :          
     ,       
        ,     
4. :DBMS  ,         
             DBMS
            
  
5.     :        
              , 
  ,             ,  
          
6.    :         ,
           ,     
  
7.         ()  
   ,            
5
2
              
    
8.              
  ,             
 
9.    :  ,          ,
       ,        
     
    
DBMS             
         ,      
          :
1. - 
2. - 
,          ,  -  
            
  - :
              :
1.   (  )
2.    (  )
3.   ( )
    -  :
1.   (   ):
o             
       ,   

o              
  ,         ,    
    
o    -     
6
2
2.   (    ):
o    ,            
           
o        (      
   ),           
   ,   ( ,   )  
,        
o   ,    ,       
     ,         ,
     ,      

3.  (  ):
o     ,          
   DBMS   
o  ,            
DBMS     , ,        
   
o               

    :
 DBMS             

              

1.  :
o         (   )   
         
2.    :
o              ,   
               
             
7
2
3.   :
o   ,       , DBMS    , 
      
o   DBMS      ,    
,        
4.  :
o          (     
 ),           
  
   -          
   :
1.   :
o          ,    
            
       
2.  :
o              ,
      ,      
          DBMS  
     
3.   ():
o  DBMS             
 ( )     ,      () 
   (   )       
       MySQL, Oracle  SQL Server 
4. - :
o ,         ,      
-          
        /      
 
8
2
:
DBMS        ,    ,   
             , DBMS ,
                
              , 
    -           DBMS 
- ,     ,         
        
2.                
         NULL         
:   :   
    ,           
              
    
1.  :
o   ,            
            
         ,     
   ,            ,
    ,        
    
2.  :
o                
  ,   -      , 
     ,     
           
3.   :
o              
  ,            
      ,       "200"
9
2
          ,   
         
4.  :
o                
    -    - 
   ,          ,
   ,         
 
5.  :
o             
              
             
 ,            
 
6.  :
o             
     ,          
  ,          
     
7.     ():
o           SQL,    
  SQL    ,     
              
             
8.    :
o               
        ,   
             
             
 
9.   :
o             
            , 
10
2
           
      ,      
      
          
,             

  
    
 
        
 
      
  
 
   
     



      
 
    
   

    .
   , -
  
 
     
      
     
;     
 
      
  
    
     
 

    

    

 

    
     

     
  NULL    ?
 , NULL            NULL 
   ,          :
11
2
1.   :
o NULL         ,     
    NULL ,             
     NULL     ,     
  
2.    :
o NULL            , NULL
           TRUE  FALSE  ,
 UNKNOWN  SQL        
 ,              
3.    :
o     NULL       
,     NULL          
 ,            NULL 
     
4.      :
o        ,  NULL      
        ,   NULL   
         ,  NULL   
     ,     
5.  :
o NULL           NULL   
 ,            ,
   ,        NULL  , 
                

6.    :
o  NULL      ,      
        ,  NULL   
  "N/A"           
7.   :
o   ,          
    NULL         ,   
12
2
    ,        ,   
   
NULL     
  NULL          :
1.     :
o    NULL    ,       
  ,      ,     NULL  
"N/A"  ""      
2. NOT NULL   :
o            , 
     NULL         
         
3.   :
o                
     ,      
    ,     NULL       
     
4.       :
o        ,     NULL    
          ,   
     "  "     

            ,   
,  ,          NULL 
      ,          
             
NULL     ,    ,    
    
13
2
 -
3.            ,     
      
:          ,   
              
           
1.    
:              
   (     )    ,    
            ,   
        
        ()        
,    ()        
    :
  ():       
 ():   ,   ,   
 ( ):    ,  ,   
          (  
 )
  :          .
 :
      :   
    :




1

20

2

21
 
3

22

14
2
    :
  


1
 
2

3
  , Student_ID       , Student_ID    
,     
 :
FLEXIBILITY            
        
        ,     
      
  :        
 :
 :-             ,
         
    ,          
   
2.     
:            ,  
      ,   -        
           
  ,          ,     
         ,    ()   
   
15
2
    :
 :   .
 :          
:       .
           
 :
            :
 ( )
o  ()
 ()
     ,           
 
:
o   (   )
 ()
 ()
o   ()
 ()
 ()
  ,   ,          
 ,    -   
 :
:     ,    ,      

 :   -     ,  
  
16
2
 :
 :            
             , 
   
:       ,       
  
 :          -    
 ,     
3.    
:       ,     
  ,         ,       
 
     ,        ,  --
  
    :
  :      
 :     -     
:          
   :       ,      

 :
                
   
 :
o  _
o  _
:
o  
o   
17
2
  :
o  _
o  
,         ,          
      ,  --        
 ,          
  :
 _

1
. 
2
. 
    :
 
  
101

102

    :
 _
 
1
101
2
101
18
2
 _
 
1
102
, .  DBMS     ,  DBMS  .   .    
       
 :
FLEXIBILITY   ,   --  
  ,       
            ,    

 :          
       
 :
               
 
           
  
              
     
    :

 
  
 

   

  
--  
   

--, --,
--
    
--
19
2

 
  
 
FLEXIBILITY
 ( /
)
 ( )
 ( 
 )

 (  
 )
 (  )
 (  )
 
 
   
 
  
  




 
 (SQL)
 (   -
   )
 (   
  )
:
           , 
  
           -   ,
       
             
  
       ,        
    ,         
   ,        
20
2
4.       ? BCNF, INF, 2NF  4NF      
 
:    
        ,           
           
            , 
                
 ,                 
 ,                  
                  
 
        :
               
       
   :          
  ,          
 :       ,    
        
   :       ,      -
    
,               
                   
    
1 (    )
1NF                 
              1NF    :
  :               
    
  s:          
 ,         ,       

        :            
        
21
2
 :
               :

 
 
1

, 
2

, 
  1NF      ""        
,      :

 

1


1


2


2


,   1NF          
2NF (    )
     1NF   ,           2NF 
     2NF           
  -  (,          )   
        
  : 2NF ,  -          
,      
 :
    ,          ,   
      :
22
2


 
1

 
1

 
2

 
2

 
, Student_ID  Course       "Teacher"  
"Cours"     , "Student_ID"    2NF   
    ,        :
1.     :


1

1

2

2

2.  -   :



 

 
23
2



 
, ""  ""    ,        , 
 2NF-  
3NF (    )
   2NF               ,
  3NF    3NF          
     -     -     
   : 3NF ,   -     -   
   
 :
      :

 _ 
 
   
1


. 
2

 
. 
, "Head_of_Department" ""    ,  "Student_ID" ,  3NF 
      ,         
1.     :

 _ 
 
1


24
2

 _ 
 
2

 
2.     :

  

. 
 
. 
,  3NF    "Head_of_Department"  "Department"    

 (-    )
BCNF 3NF   ,        3NF     
 (X → Y)  , X    ,   BCNF       
          
 :
      :



1

 
1

 
2

 
, "Student_ID"  "Course"      ,  "Instructor"  "Course" 
   BCNF      "Course"    
25
2
    ,            :
1.  -    :


1

1

2

2.  -   :



 

 
          ,   BCNF-
 
4NF (    )
     -   ,  4NF     -
                
 ,        
 -  : 4NF ,       -
   
 :
                  :



1


26
2



1


1

2


  ,            ,  - 
      ,      :
1.  -   :


1

1

2

2.  -   :


1

1
2

       -  ,   4NF- 

27
2

         ,     
         1NF  4NF ( )    
             
     ,           
 -
5.        SQL        
      
:      
      (RDBMS)      
            , 
                 
       :
1.    :           
                   
               
    ,             
      ,   ,   book_id
     " "    ""  ,  
  book_id     " "          
            
2.  :           
             ,  
   ,      ""      
               
   ,     ,        
  ""      -        
 -     
3.    :         ,  
          ,     
:
28
2
o :          ,   
                
            
o   :        ,      NULL 
                 
               
 
o     :          ,
            ,  
            
o               
      
                
       ,        
4.  
   :
o 
 :   , ""      
customer_id     ""       
             
      ,          
(CASCADE    )    customer_id   NULL   
    (SET NULL    )
o    : ""  " "   book_id   
               
            
       
o    :""       student_id   
 " "              
     
SQL      
SQL                 
               
    :
1.    :
o :  ()   : 1, 100, -25.
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2
o  / :-         
,     : 3.14, 0.001.
o :         ,    
  : 99.99, 123.45.
2.   :
o CHAR():     ,  n     
  n   ,         : CHAR(5)
"hi"  "hi "     
o (): -    n     
 CHAR             
: VARCHAR(10) "hello"   
o  :        ,   
3.     :
o  :  YYYY-MM-DD     : '2024-09-
18'.
o :   HH:MM:SS     : '14:35:00'.
o   :       : '2024-09-18
14:35:00'.
4.   :
o :        ,  1 ()  0
()      
5.   :
o BLOB (    ):      ,
          
6.   :
o :          :  
   ENUM   '', ' '  ' '    

o   : ENUM          
    
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2

              
              ,    
 ,        ,        
 , SQL             
             ,   
       ,        
             
6.        SQL         
:: SQL     
SQL,    ,             
      , ,         (
 CRUD    )  , SQL       
  ,            
   : 
SQL      ,         ,
,           
 1:     
 ,                
    :
BookID:        ().
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:    (100  ).
:    (100  ).
:   ,     (    )   
:       ().    
 2:     
      ,        INSERT  
    
  ,          
 3:   
         ,   UPDATE   
               
  
 :     
   "1984"   $8.99   $9.99       :
 :    
  "  "     ,        :
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 4:   
        ,    DELETE     
    
 :   
  "   "      ,     
:
 5:   
                  
             
1.    
  (  )         
  ,  GRANT      :
 :      .
:      .
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2.   
               ,   
     :
 6:  
       ,        
    SELECT      
 :   
           :
            
 
             :
 :       
           ,     :
  
SQL              
:      
            ,   :
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
     ,           
 SQL               :
1.      :         .
2.   :    .
3.    :      .
4.    :       .
5.   :      .
6.             

 -
7.        ?     
  
:   (DBMS)           
                  
               
    :
-   ,      -     
-    ,           
,          :
1.  :               
    ,           , 
           ,  
35
2
  ,            , 
       
2.   :                
             
         ,        
3.   s:        ,      , 
     ,           

4.                 
  ,               
         
    ,     ,     
  ,               
  :
        , DBMS      
                 
         
1. -  :
                 
 :
   (-):          
,                
     ,           
  (-):         
               
      :
-  (2PL):   ,        :
1.   :            
2.   :     ,       
                ,   
        ,         
36
2
 -  ,               ,
     
  :           
                  
 ,              

-  :   ,       
      ,     ;  ,  
             
2.  -  :
               
              
   ,              
         
   :         
                
           ,     
       
   ():   ,     
       ,         
     ,         
         -      
3.  -  :
  ,      :
1.               
 
2.   :   ,         
         
3.      ,      
     ,            
           
37
2
         :
1.       :              
  ,           
               ,  
  
2.   :         ,   
       ,        , 
   
3.    (       )):  
            ,  
      ,         
     ,    -  ,  
      
4.  :            
           ,      
  :
1.                 
    
2.  :         ,    
     
3.   :          , 
         
4.   -  ,       
      -      
 
:
               
      DBMS      ,
   -    ,     
               
  -    ,      

38
2
8.      :-
()   
() 
()   
: !      (DBMS)  Oracle   
               
, NoSQL               
     
()   
   ,            - 
 " "    - , ,        
           ,     
       
       :
1.        ,     
    
2. :               
 ,  ,            

3.  :          ( ),  (
    )  - ( XML )   
4.  :    ,        
5. :        ,        
  
     ?
       :
       ,       
             
    :     -    
  
39
2
    :         ,
      
     :         
 ,       
     :
 :          
    :          
 :            
       
    :
 -              
    ,        ,     
          
() 
NoSQL                
                
        ( SQL)  , NoSQL
             
NoSQL    ?
 :   ,   -     (, , ),
 NoSQL        
  :NoSQL             
           
:NoSQL      /      , 
      -     
NoSQL    :
1.  -  :     ( JSON  XML)   
: MongoDB.
2.  -  :       -     
  ,     : 
3. -  :          ,  
    :  
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2
4.    :            ,   
      : Neo4j.
   :
 -:NoSQL           
    -       

 :-   , NoSQL       
     
   NoSQL          
           ,       
 
NoSQL   :
        , ,     , 
                  
MongoDB  NoSQL             
  
()   
               ,
              
   ,       
      :
1.              
,    
2. SQL :           SQL
   ,       
3.
:          ,  
     
4.             ,  
            
        :
1.  :           
     ,   -  (MFA) 
        
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2.   :      ,       
     ,       
   ,     ,    
3. :           
           
   
4.          (    
)   ,         
5.   :           ,  
            
       :
    :       
 ,         
    :       
      ,      " "
     
            
,    ,       
            
      
   :
              
    
  :    (   )   ,  
       ,     
        ():    
              
    :
               ,
  (       ),  ( 
      ,      )    ( 
        )   
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2
:
          ,  
              
     
        ,   -
    ,           
   
,          
   ,          
   
          ,      ,  
         ,    
          
:              ( )       
         ,              
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2